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module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
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# Action Mailer allows you to send email from your application using a mailer model and views.
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#
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#
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# = Mailer Models
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#
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# To use Action Mailer, you need to create a mailer model.
#
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# $ script/generate mailer Notifier
#
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# The generated model inherits from ActionMailer::Base. Emails are defined by creating methods within the model which are then
# used to set variables to be used in the mail template, to change options on the mail, or
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# to add attachments.
#
# Examples:
#
# class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
# def signup_notification(recipient)
# recipients recipient.email_address_with_name
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# bcc ["bcc@example.com", "Order Watcher <watcher@example.com>"]
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# from "system@example.com"
# subject "New account information"
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# body :account => recipient
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# end
# end
#
# Mailer methods have the following configuration methods available.
#
# * <tt>recipients</tt> - Takes one or more email addresses. These addresses are where your email will be delivered to. Sets the <tt>To:</tt> header.
# * <tt>subject</tt> - The subject of your email. Sets the <tt>Subject:</tt> header.
# * <tt>from</tt> - Who the email you are sending is from. Sets the <tt>From:</tt> header.
# * <tt>cc</tt> - Takes one or more email addresses. These addresses will receive a carbon copy of your email. Sets the <tt>Cc:</tt> header.
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# * <tt>bcc</tt> - Takes one or more email addresses. These addresses will receive a blind carbon copy of your email. Sets the <tt>Bcc:</tt> header.
# * <tt>reply_to</tt> - Takes one or more email addresses. These addresses will be listed as the default recipients when replying to your email. Sets the <tt>Reply-To:</tt> header.
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# * <tt>sent_on</tt> - The date on which the message was sent. If not set, the header wil be set by the delivery agent.
# * <tt>content_type</tt> - Specify the content type of the message. Defaults to <tt>text/plain</tt>.
# * <tt>headers</tt> - Specify additional headers to be set for the message, e.g. <tt>headers 'X-Mail-Count' => 107370</tt>.
#
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# When a <tt>headers 'return-path'</tt> is specified, that value will be used as the 'envelope from'
# address. Setting this is useful when you want delivery notifications sent to a different address than
# the one in <tt>from</tt>.
#
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# The <tt>body</tt> method has special behavior. It takes a hash which generates an instance variable
# named after each key in the hash containing the value that that key points to.
#
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# So, for example, <tt>body :account => recipient</tt> would result
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# in an instance variable <tt>@account</tt> with the value of <tt>recipient</tt> being accessible in the
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# view.
#
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#
# = Mailer views
#
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# Like Action Controller, each mailer class has a corresponding view directory
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# in which each method of the class looks for a template with its name.
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# To define a template to be used with a mailing, create an <tt>.erb</tt> file with the same name as the method
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# in your mailer model. For example, in the mailer defined above, the template at
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# <tt>app/views/notifier/signup_notification.erb</tt> would be used to generate the email.
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#
# Variables defined in the model are accessible as instance variables in the view.
#
# Emails by default are sent in plain text, so a sample view for our model example might look like this:
#
# Hi <%= @account.name %>,
# Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often.
#
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# You can even use Action Pack helpers in these views. For example:
#
# You got a new note!
# <%= truncate(note.body, 25) %>
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#
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#
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# = Generating URLs
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#
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# URLs can be generated in mailer views using <tt>url_for</tt> or named routes.
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# Unlike controllers from Action Pack, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the incoming request,
# so you'll need to provide all of the details needed to generate a URL.
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#
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# When using <tt>url_for</tt> you'll need to provide the <tt>:host</tt>, <tt>:controller</tt>, and <tt>:action</tt>:
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#
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# <%= url_for(:host => "example.com", :controller => "welcome", :action => "greeting") %>
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#
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# When using named routes you only need to supply the <tt>:host</tt>:
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#
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# <%= users_url(:host => "example.com") %>
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#
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# You will want to avoid using the <tt>name_of_route_path</tt> form of named routes because it doesn't make sense to
# generate relative URLs in email messages.
#
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# It is also possible to set a default host that will be used in all mailers by setting the <tt>:host</tt> option in
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# the <tt>ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options</tt> hash as follows:
#
# ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options[:host] = "example.com"
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#
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# This can also be set as a configuration option in <tt>config/environment.rb</tt>:
#
# config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { :host => "example.com" }
#
# If you do decide to set a default <tt>:host</tt> for your mailers you will want to use the
# <tt>:only_path => false</tt> option when using <tt>url_for</tt>. This will ensure that absolute URLs are generated because
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# the <tt>url_for</tt> view helper will, by default, generate relative URLs when a <tt>:host</tt> option isn't
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# explicitly provided.
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#
# = Sending mail
#
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# Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or create it and save it
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# for delivery later:
#
# Notifier.deliver_signup_notification(david) # sends the email
# mail = Notifier.create_signup_notification(david) # => a tmail object
# Notifier.deliver(mail)
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#
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# You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, your delivery instance
# methods are automatically wrapped in class methods that start with the word
# <tt>deliver_</tt> followed by the name of the mailer method that you would
# like to deliver. The <tt>signup_notification</tt> method defined above is
# delivered by invoking <tt>Notifier.deliver_signup_notification</tt>.
#
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#
# = HTML email
#
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# To send mail as HTML, make sure your view (the <tt>.erb</tt> file) generates HTML and
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# set the content type to html.
#
# class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base
# def signup_notification(recipient)
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# recipients recipient.email_address_with_name
# subject "New account information"
# from "system@example.com"
# body :account => recipient
# content_type "text/html"
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# end
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# end
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#
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#
# = Multipart email
#
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# You can explicitly specify multipart messages:
#
# class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
# def signup_notification(recipient)
# recipients recipient.email_address_with_name
# subject "New account information"
# from "system@example.com"
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# content_type "multipart/alternative"
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#
# part :content_type => "text/html",
# :body => render_message("signup-as-html", :account => recipient)
#
# part "text/plain" do |p|
# p.body = render_message("signup-as-plain", :account => recipient)
# p.transfer_encoding = "base64"
# end
# end
# end
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#
# Multipart messages can also be used implicitly because Action Mailer will automatically
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# detect and use multipart templates, where each template is named after the name of the action, followed
# by the content type. Each such detected template will be added as separate part to the message.
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#
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# For example, if the following templates existed:
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# * signup_notification.text.plain.erb
# * signup_notification.text.html.erb
# * signup_notification.text.xml.builder
# * signup_notification.text.x-yaml.erb
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#
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# Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message,
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# with the corresponding content type. The content type for the entire
# message is automatically set to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>, which indicates
# that the email contains multiple different representations of the same email
# body. The same body hash is passed to each template.
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#
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# Implicit template rendering is not performed if any attachments or parts have been added to the email.
# This means that you'll have to manually add each part to the email and set the content type of the email
# to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>.
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#
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# = Attachments
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#
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# Attachments can be added by using the +attachment+ method.
#
# Example:
#
# class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
# # attachments
# def signup_notification(recipient)
# recipients recipient.email_address_with_name
# subject "New account information"
# from "system@example.com"
#
# attachment :content_type => "image/jpeg",
# :body => File.read("an-image.jpg")
#
# attachment "application/pdf" do |a|
# a.body = generate_your_pdf_here()
# end
# end
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# end
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#
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#
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# = Configuration options
#
# These options are specified on the class level, like <tt>ActionMailer::Base.template_root = "/my/templates"</tt>
#
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# * <tt>template_root</tt> - Determines the base from which template references will be made.
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#
# * <tt>logger</tt> - the logger is used for generating information on the mailing run if available.
# Can be set to nil for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own Logger and Log4r loggers.
#
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# * <tt>smtp_settings</tt> - Allows detailed configuration for <tt>:smtp</tt> delivery method:
# * <tt>:address</tt> - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default "localhost" setting.
# * <tt>:port</tt> - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.
# * <tt>:domain</tt> - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.
# * <tt>:user_name</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.
# * <tt>:password</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.
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# * <tt>:authentication</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here.
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# This is a symbol and one of <tt>:plain</tt>, <tt>:login</tt>, <tt>:cram_md5</tt>.
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# * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - When set to true, detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts to use it.
# It works only on Ruby >= 1.8.7 and Ruby >= 1.9. Default is true.
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#
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# * <tt>sendmail_settings</tt> - Allows you to override options for the <tt>:sendmail</tt> delivery method.
# * <tt>:location</tt> - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to <tt>/usr/sbin/sendmail</tt>.
# * <tt>:arguments</tt> - The command line arguments. Defaults to <tt>-i -t</tt>.
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#
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# * <tt>raise_delivery_errors</tt> - Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered.
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#
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# * <tt>delivery_method</tt> - Defines a delivery method. Possible values are <tt>:smtp</tt> (default), <tt>:sendmail</tt>, and <tt>:test</tt>.
#
# * <tt>perform_deliveries</tt> - Determines whether <tt>deliver_*</tt> methods are actually carried out. By default they are,
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# but this can be turned off to help functional testing.
#
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# * <tt>deliveries</tt> - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with <tt>delivery_method :test</tt>. Most useful
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# for unit and functional testing.
#
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# * <tt>default_charset</tt> - The default charset used for the body and to encode the subject. Defaults to UTF-8. You can also
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# pick a different charset from inside a method with +charset+.
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#
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# * <tt>default_content_type</tt> - The default content type used for the main part of the message. Defaults to "text/plain". You
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# can also pick a different content type from inside a method with +content_type+.
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#
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# * <tt>default_mime_version</tt> - The default mime version used for the message. Defaults to <tt>1.0</tt>. You
# can also pick a different value from inside a method with +mime_version+.
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#
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# * <tt>default_implicit_parts_order</tt> - When a message is built implicitly (i.e. multiple parts are assembled from templates
# which specify the content type in their filenames) this variable controls how the parts are ordered. Defaults to
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# <tt>["text/html", "text/enriched", "text/plain"]</tt>. Items that appear first in the array have higher priority in the mail client
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# and appear last in the mime encoded message. You can also pick a different order from inside a method with
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# +implicit_parts_order+.
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class Base
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include AdvAttrAccessor , PartContainer , Quoting , Utils
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if Object . const_defined? ( :ActionController )
include ActionController :: UrlWriter
include ActionController :: Layout
end
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private_class_method :new #:nodoc:
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class_inheritable_accessor :view_paths
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self . view_paths = [ ]
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cattr_accessor :logger
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@@smtp_settings = {
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:address = > " localhost " ,
:port = > 25 ,
:domain = > 'localhost.localdomain' ,
:user_name = > nil ,
:password = > nil ,
:authentication = > nil ,
:enable_starttls_auto = > true ,
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}
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cattr_accessor :smtp_settings
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@@sendmail_settings = {
:location = > '/usr/sbin/sendmail' ,
:arguments = > '-i -t'
}
cattr_accessor :sendmail_settings
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@@raise_delivery_errors = true
cattr_accessor :raise_delivery_errors
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superclass_delegating_accessor :delivery_method
self . delivery_method = :smtp
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@@perform_deliveries = true
cattr_accessor :perform_deliveries
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@@deliveries = [ ]
cattr_accessor :deliveries
@@default_charset = " utf-8 "
cattr_accessor :default_charset
@@default_content_type = " text/plain "
cattr_accessor :default_content_type
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@@default_mime_version = " 1.0 "
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cattr_accessor :default_mime_version
@@default_implicit_parts_order = [ " text/html " , " text/enriched " , " text/plain " ]
cattr_accessor :default_implicit_parts_order
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cattr_reader :protected_instance_variables
@@protected_instance_variables = %w( @body )
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# Specify the BCC addresses for the message
adv_attr_accessor :bcc
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# Define the body of the message. This is either a Hash (in which case it
# specifies the variables to pass to the template when it is rendered),
# or a string, in which case it specifies the actual text of the message.
adv_attr_accessor :body
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# Specify the CC addresses for the message.
adv_attr_accessor :cc
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# Specify the charset to use for the message. This defaults to the
# +default_charset+ specified for ActionMailer::Base.
adv_attr_accessor :charset
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# Specify the content type for the message. This defaults to <tt>text/plain</tt>
# in most cases, but can be automatically set in some situations.
adv_attr_accessor :content_type
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# Specify the from address for the message.
adv_attr_accessor :from
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# Specify the address (if different than the "from" address) to direct
# replies to this message.
adv_attr_accessor :reply_to
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# Specify additional headers to be added to the message.
adv_attr_accessor :headers
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# Specify the order in which parts should be sorted, based on content-type.
# This defaults to the value for the +default_implicit_parts_order+.
adv_attr_accessor :implicit_parts_order
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# Defaults to "1.0", but may be explicitly given if needed.
adv_attr_accessor :mime_version
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# The recipient addresses for the message, either as a string (for a single
# address) or an array (for multiple addresses).
adv_attr_accessor :recipients
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# The date on which the message was sent. If not set (the default), the
# header will be set by the delivery agent.
adv_attr_accessor :sent_on
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# Specify the subject of the message.
adv_attr_accessor :subject
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# Specify the template name to use for current message. This is the "base"
# template name, without the extension or directory, and may be used to
# have multiple mailer methods share the same template.
adv_attr_accessor :template
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# Override the mailer name, which defaults to an inflected version of the
# mailer's class name. If you want to use a template in a non-standard
# location, you can use this to specify that location.
def mailer_name ( value = nil )
if value
self . mailer_name = value
else
self . class . mailer_name
end
end
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def mailer_name = ( value )
self . class . mailer_name = value
end
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# The mail object instance referenced by this mailer.
attr_reader :mail
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attr_reader :template_name , :default_template_name , :action_name
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class << self
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attr_writer :mailer_name
def mailer_name
@mailer_name || = name . underscore
end
# for ActionView compatibility
alias_method :controller_name , :mailer_name
alias_method :controller_path , :mailer_name
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def respond_to? ( method_symbol , include_private = false ) #:nodoc:
matches_dynamic_method? ( method_symbol ) || super
end
def method_missing ( method_symbol , * parameters ) #:nodoc:
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if match = matches_dynamic_method? ( method_symbol )
case match [ 1 ]
when 'create' then new ( match [ 2 ] , * parameters ) . mail
when 'deliver' then new ( match [ 2 ] , * parameters ) . deliver!
when 'new' then nil
else super
end
else
super
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end
end
# Receives a raw email, parses it into an email object, decodes it,
# instantiates a new mailer, and passes the email object to the mailer
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# object's +receive+ method. If you want your mailer to be able to
# process incoming messages, you'll need to implement a +receive+
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# method that accepts the email object as a parameter:
#
# class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base
# def receive(mail)
# ...
# end
# end
def receive ( raw_email )
logger . info " Received mail: \n #{ raw_email } " unless logger . nil?
mail = TMail :: Mail . parse ( raw_email )
mail . base64_decode
new . receive ( mail )
end
# Deliver the given mail object directly. This can be used to deliver
# a preconstructed mail object, like:
#
# email = MyMailer.create_some_mail(parameters)
# email.set_some_obscure_header "frobnicate"
# MyMailer.deliver(email)
def deliver ( mail )
new . deliver! ( mail )
end
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def template_root
self . view_paths && self . view_paths . first
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end
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def template_root = ( root )
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self . view_paths = ActionView :: Base . process_view_paths ( root )
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end
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private
def matches_dynamic_method? ( method_name ) #:nodoc:
method_name = method_name . to_s
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/ ^(create|deliver)_([_a-z] \ w*) / . match ( method_name ) || / ^(new)$ / . match ( method_name )
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end
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end
# Instantiate a new mailer object. If +method_name+ is not +nil+, the mailer
# will be initialized according to the named method. If not, the mailer will
# remain uninitialized (useful when you only need to invoke the "receive"
# method, for instance).
def initialize ( method_name = nil , * parameters ) #:nodoc:
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create! ( method_name , * parameters ) if method_name
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end
# Initialize the mailer via the given +method_name+. The body will be
# rendered and a new TMail::Mail object created.
def create! ( method_name , * parameters ) #:nodoc:
initialize_defaults ( method_name )
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__send__ ( method_name , * parameters )
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# If an explicit, textual body has not been set, we check assumptions.
unless String === @body
# First, we look to see if there are any likely templates that match,
# which include the content-type in their file name (i.e.,
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# "the_template_file.text.html.erb", etc.). Only do this if parts
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# have not already been specified manually.
if @parts . empty?
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Dir . glob ( " #{ template_path } / #{ @template } .* " ) . each do | path |
template = template_root [ " #{ mailer_name } / #{ File . basename ( path ) } " ]
# Skip unless template has a multipart format
next unless template && template . multipart?
@parts << Part . new (
:content_type = > template . content_type ,
:disposition = > " inline " ,
:charset = > charset ,
:body = > render_message ( template , @body )
)
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end
unless @parts . empty?
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@content_type = " multipart/alternative " if @content_type !~ / ^multipart /
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@parts = sort_parts ( @parts , @implicit_parts_order )
end
end
# Then, if there were such templates, we check to see if we ought to
# also render a "normal" template (without the content type). If a
# normal template exists (or if there were no implicit parts) we render
# it.
template_exists = @parts . empty?
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template_exists || = template_root [ " #{ mailer_name } / #{ @template } " ]
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@body = render_message ( @template , @body ) if template_exists
# Finally, if there are other message parts and a textual body exists,
# we shift it onto the front of the parts and set the body to nil (so
# that create_mail doesn't try to render it in addition to the parts).
if ! @parts . empty? && String === @body
@parts . unshift Part . new ( :charset = > charset , :body = > @body )
@body = nil
end
end
# If this is a multipart e-mail add the mime_version if it is not
# already set.
@mime_version || = " 1.0 " if ! @parts . empty?
# build the mail object itself
@mail = create_mail
end
# Delivers a TMail::Mail object. By default, it delivers the cached mail
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# object (from the <tt>create!</tt> method). If no cached mail object exists, and
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# no alternate has been given as the parameter, this will fail.
def deliver! ( mail = @mail )
raise " no mail object available for delivery! " unless mail
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unless logger . nil?
logger . info " Sent mail to #{ Array ( recipients ) . join ( ', ' ) } "
logger . debug " \n #{ mail . encoded } "
end
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begin
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__send__ ( " perform_delivery_ #{ delivery_method } " , mail ) if perform_deliveries
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rescue Exception = > e # Net::SMTP errors or sendmail pipe errors
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raise e if raise_delivery_errors
end
return mail
end
private
# Set up the default values for the various instance variables of this
# mailer. Subclasses may override this method to provide different
# defaults.
def initialize_defaults ( method_name )
@charset || = @@default_charset . dup
@content_type || = @@default_content_type . dup
@implicit_parts_order || = @@default_implicit_parts_order . dup
@template || = method_name
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@default_template_name = @action_name = @template
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@mailer_name || = self . class . name . underscore
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@parts || = [ ]
@headers || = { }
@body || = { }
@mime_version = @@default_mime_version . dup if @@default_mime_version
end
def render_message ( method_name , body )
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if method_name . respond_to? ( :content_type )
@current_template_content_type = method_name . content_type
end
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render :file = > method_name , :body = > body
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ensure
@current_template_content_type = nil
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end
def render ( opts )
body = opts . delete ( :body )
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if opts [ :file ] && ( opts [ :file ] !~ / \/ / && ! opts [ :file ] . respond_to? ( :render ) )
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opts [ :file ] = " #{ mailer_name } / #{ opts [ :file ] } "
end
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begin
old_template , @template = @template , initialize_template_class ( body )
layout = respond_to? ( :pick_layout , true ) ? pick_layout ( opts ) : false
@template . render ( opts . merge ( :layout = > layout ) )
ensure
@template = old_template
end
end
def default_template_format
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if @current_template_content_type
Mime :: Type . lookup ( @current_template_content_type ) . to_sym
else
:html
end
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end
def candidate_for_layout? ( options )
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! self . view_paths . find_template ( default_template_name , default_template_format ) . exempt_from_layout?
rescue ActionView :: MissingTemplate
return true
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end
def template_root
self . class . template_root
end
def template_root = ( root )
self . class . template_root = root
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end
def template_path
" #{ template_root } / #{ mailer_name } "
end
def initialize_template_class ( assigns )
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template = ActionView :: Base . new ( self . class . view_paths , assigns , self )
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template . template_format = default_template_format
template
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end
def sort_parts ( parts , order = [ ] )
order = order . collect { | s | s . downcase }
parts = parts . sort do | a , b |
a_ct = a . content_type . downcase
b_ct = b . content_type . downcase
a_in = order . include? a_ct
b_in = order . include? b_ct
s = case
when a_in && b_in
order . index ( a_ct ) < = > order . index ( b_ct )
when a_in
- 1
when b_in
1
else
a_ct < = > b_ct
end
# reverse the ordering because parts that come last are displayed
# first in mail clients
( s * - 1 )
end
parts
end
def create_mail
m = TMail :: Mail . new
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m . subject , = quote_any_if_necessary ( charset , subject )
m . to , m . from = quote_any_address_if_necessary ( charset , recipients , from )
m . bcc = quote_address_if_necessary ( bcc , charset ) unless bcc . nil?
m . cc = quote_address_if_necessary ( cc , charset ) unless cc . nil?
m . reply_to = quote_address_if_necessary ( reply_to , charset ) unless reply_to . nil?
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m . mime_version = mime_version unless mime_version . nil?
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m . date = sent_on . to_time rescue sent_on if sent_on
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headers . each { | k , v | m [ k ] = v }
real_content_type , ctype_attrs = parse_content_type
if @parts . empty?
m . set_content_type ( real_content_type , nil , ctype_attrs )
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m . body = normalize_new_lines ( body )
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else
if String === body
part = TMail :: Mail . new
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part . body = normalize_new_lines ( body )
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part . set_content_type ( real_content_type , nil , ctype_attrs )
part . set_content_disposition " inline "
m . parts << part
end
@parts . each do | p |
part = ( TMail :: Mail === p ? p : p . to_mail ( self ) )
m . parts << part
end
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if real_content_type =~ / multipart /
ctype_attrs . delete " charset "
m . set_content_type ( real_content_type , nil , ctype_attrs )
end
end
@mail = m
end
def perform_delivery_smtp ( mail )
destinations = mail . destinations
mail . ready_to_send
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sender = ( mail [ 'return-path' ] && mail [ 'return-path' ] . spec ) || mail . from
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smtp = Net :: SMTP . new ( smtp_settings [ :address ] , smtp_settings [ :port ] )
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smtp . enable_starttls_auto if smtp_settings [ :enable_starttls_auto ] && smtp . respond_to? ( :enable_starttls_auto )
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smtp . start ( smtp_settings [ :domain ] , smtp_settings [ :user_name ] , smtp_settings [ :password ] ,
smtp_settings [ :authentication ] ) do | smtp |
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smtp . sendmail ( mail . encoded , sender , destinations )
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end
end
def perform_delivery_sendmail ( mail )
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sendmail_args = sendmail_settings [ :arguments ]
sendmail_args += " -f \" #{ mail [ 'return-path' ] } \" " if mail [ 'return-path' ]
IO . popen ( " #{ sendmail_settings [ :location ] } #{ sendmail_args } " , " w+ " ) do | sm |
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sm . print ( mail . encoded . gsub ( / \ r / , '' ) )
sm . flush
end
end
def perform_delivery_test ( mail )
deliveries << mail
end
end
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Base . class_eval do
include Helpers
helper MailHelper
end
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end