This patch does several cleanups in Makefile.x86_common file. The
changes are described above.
1) The CFLAGNO variable was removed since it is used only to assign
the CFLAGS variable. Also, CFLAGNO is not used outside Makefile.x86_
common.
2) The "-I/usr/local/include" option was removed since we provide manually
the include path from newlib in the bsp/ directory.
3) We only support building x86-based platforms on Linux so there is no
point in setting LDFLAGS conditionally.
4) The '-export-dynamic' option was removed from LDFLAGS since we are not
creating a dynamically linked executable.
5) Makefile.x86_quarkX1000 is the only one that includes Makefile.x86_
common. Since it doesn't use the custom rules from Makefile.x86_
common we remove them.
The CFLAGS setting used for the newlib build process includes
"-mtune=i586" as does the ASFLAGS setting used for the Contiki build
process. However, the CFLAGS setting used for the Contiki build
process did not include that flag. This patch adds it for
consistency.
Ubuntu enables GCC's stack protector by default (see
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Security/Features). This causes link errors
like the following:
...undefined reference to `__stack_chk_fail'
To avoid these errors, this patch adds the "-fno-stack-protector" flag
to both the CFLAGS used by the Contiki build process and the CFLAGS
used by the newlib build process.
This patch adds "--build-id=none" to default LDFLAGS so
.note.gnu.build-id section is not generated. This section
contains unique identification for the built files what is
not important to us (at least at this moment).
This change simplifies all linker scripts for SoCs based on x86
(at this moment we only have Quark X1000) since we don't have to
care about it anymore.
According to [1], we should disable non-maskable and maskable interrupts
while initializing RTC. Otherwise, the RTC may be left in an undefined
state (non-functional) if an interrupt occurs. Currently, maskable
interrupts are already disabled, but NMI is not.
This patch adds helpers APIs to enable/disable non-maskable interrupts
(NMI) and changes rtc_init() to disable NMI while initializing the RTC.
NMI enable/disable code is legacy-PC specific therefore it was put in
driver/legacy_pc/ directory.
Regarding the RTC initialization changes, just calling nmi_disable() and
nmi_enable is not enough since NMI and RTC share the same IO port. So We
should also set the NMI_ENABLE bit while selecting the RTC_INDEX.
Additionally, the nmi_disable() call is not strictly required since we
set the NMI_ENABLE bit while selecting the RTC_INDEX. However, to make
clear hat we are disabling NMI and to improve readability (by matching
NMI disable/enable), the nmi_disable() call was purposely used.
[1] http://wiki.osdev.org/RTC
This is a refactoring patch, no functionality is changed. It moves
loader.S and galileo.ld from platform/galileo/ to cpu/x86/ directory
since they seem to be more SoC-specific than platform-specific.
It also renames galileo.ld to quarkX1000.ld since it can be used by
any platform based on Quark X1000 SoC, not only Galileo.
Furthermore, this patch also renames loader.S to bootstrap_quarkX1000.S
since it is pretty much a bootstrap code to any platform based on Quark
X1000 SoC.
This commit turns cpu_init() into a SoC-agnostic function by
removing any SoC specific calls and isolating them into their
own SoC implementation.
We start this by isolating all IRQs initialization code from
the legacy-pc target, pic_init() and spurious IRQ7 registration,
into a new interface: irq_init() from irq.h. Future SoCs will have
to provide their own implementation of this interface.
This model is to be followed by future initialization code that
we may need to add and which is not common to all x86 SoCs.
The x86/init/common/ folder holds all cpu initialization
code - idt and gdt setup, interrupts and cpu initialization.
On this folder will also sit any SoC specific implementation of
the functions called from cpu_init().
Now the cpu/x86/ provides a Makefile.x86_common and a
Makefile.x86_pc. The former includes the common Makefile
and adds legacy pc specific implementations (currently,
drivers only) into the building context, while the latter
has everything that defines the bootstrap of a x86 CPU.
This commit also fixes platform/galileo/ so it includes the
correct makefile - Makefile.x86_quarkX1000. Galileo uses
a Quark X1000 SoC which is not an IBM Generic PC-like CPU,
but it does provide most of a PCs peripherals through
its "Legacy Bridge". Thus, it makes sense that QuarkX1000's
Makefile includes code from the legacy_pc x86 cpu.
All drivers implemented so far are for chips which are only available
on legacy x86 PCs. This commit moves them into a more appropriate folder,
also making the cpu/x86/drivers/ folder ready for other x86 based SoCs.
Currently, it is common to see Contiki's core/ interfaces implementations
spread in both cpu/ and platform/. We here take one step further starting
an effort to centralize all of these in platform's code instead.
This commit starts this by adding platform/galileo/core/ and its sys/
subfolder, adding a stubbed mtarch.h and moving clock and rtimer
implementations to this new folder. From now on we should concentrate
implementation from Contiki's core/ interfaces into the appropriate
subfolder in platform/galileo/core/.
Note that this is not the current fashion followed on other platforms
and cpus folders, as most of them add the core interface implementation
into its subfolder directly. For instance, on CC2538DK,
core/dev/button-sensor.h is implemented in platform/cc2538dk/dev/
directly, while on Galileo it would sit at platform/galileo/core/dev/.
We believe ours is a better approach to organize and escalate a
platform's code base.
We also remove previous x86 mtarch.h and mtarch.c since they weren't used
at all - both native and cooja platforms have their own mtarch
implementations.
The 8259a PIC has a well known problem of generating flaky
IRQ7 interrupts. The correct solution is to always check
if an IRQ7 interrupt is real or not by probing the PIC's ISR
register. This check is only mandatory if the IRQ7 is actually
being used by the system. More importantly, the handler should
NEVER send and EOI if the interrupt was spurious.
This patch addresses this issue by implementing a fake empty
handler for this IRQ and, as stated, NOT sending the EOI.
This commit implements pic_eoi(int irq) and a helper macro PIC_INT(irq).
This first checks which PICs should be 'acked' given an IRQ number, while
the macro returns the actual system interrupt number for the IRQ according
to the offset used on the PIC initialization.
This patch implements the pic_unmask_irq() helper and uses it where
applicable. This function zeros the corresponding bit from the IRQ
number in IMR register.
This patch doesn't implement the pic_mask_irq() helper since it is not
useful at this moment.
This commit adds a very simple example which is useful to verify
that all timers APIs are working. There are 3 protothreads running,
the first process tests etimer, timer and stimer APIs, the second
process tests the ctimer APIs, and the third one tests the rtimer
APIs.
This patch adds support for rtimer library on Galileo's platform.
We use the PIT to implement the rtimer platform dependent
functionalities. We chose the PIT for mainly two reason: I) its
configuration is very simple II) it has a high frequency which
provides us a good clock resolution (requirement from rtimer
library).
Since we keep track of the number of ticks in software, we define
rtimer_clock_t type as uint64_t. This gives us a good amount of time
til the variable overflows. For instance, a 32-bit type would overflow
in about one hour for high clock resolution (~ 1us).
The rtimer clock frequency (RTIMER_ARCH_SECOND) is setup to 1 kHz.
There is no technical matter regarding this value. It is just an
initial guess.
Just for the record, we might want to use HPET in future to
implement the rtimer library since it seems to be more appropriate.
The reason why we don't use it at this moment is that, in order to
configure it, we need support for ACPI 2.0 which we don't. Once we
have use-cases for the rtimer library we'll probably replace PIT
by HPET or any other timer more suitable for the job.
This patch adds a driver for the 8254 Programmable Interrupt Timer (PIT).
The driver introduced by this patch programs the PIT to generate interrupt
periodically. The interrupt frequency can be configured by the user.
On each PIT interrupt, a callback configured by the user is called. As
expected, that callback is executed in interrupt context so the user
should be aware of what it is not supposed to do (e.g. to call blocking
functions).
Issues marked as FIXME are all related to missing APIs on the PIC driver
so they will be addressed by a future commit.
This patch adds support for the Etimer and Ctimer libraries. To support
the Etimer library, we should poll the etimer process every time the
system clock is updated. To do this more efficiently, by taking advantage
of etimer_next_expiration_time() API, we poll the etimer process only
when an 'Event Timer' has expired.
We don't need any platform specific support in order to enable the Ctimer
library since it relies completely on Etimer.
The others timer libraries (Timer and Stime) don't required any specific
platform support as well since they rely on the system Clock module only.
This patch adds support for Contiki's clock module. All functions from
core/sys/clock.h are implemented, except clock_set_seconds() and clock_
delay_usec(). The CLOCK_CONF_SECOND macro is set to 128. This value
seems to be good enough since several platforms used it. Finally, we
use the RTC driver to track the number of ticks from the system clock.
This patch adds a driver for Real-Time Clock (RTC). The RTC timer is
suitable to implement some operating system features such as the
system clock. Actually, the RTC will be used to implement the system
clock in galileo platform.
The driver introduced by this patch programs the RTC to generate
interrupt periodically. The interrupt frequency can be configured by the
user. On each RTC interrupt, a callback configured by the user is called.
As expected, that callback is executed in interrupt context so the user
should be aware of what it is not supposed to do (e.g. to call blocking
functions).
This patch also adds the inb() helper function to helpers.h. The helpers
is a wrapper for assembly 'in' instruction.
The Programmable Interrupt Controller is a chip responsible for
translating hardware interrupts to system interrupts. When it
receives an Interrupt Request (IRQ), it triggers the appropriate
interrupt line reaching the appropriate IDT gate, following a
previously setup offset.
There are 2 daisy-chained PICs. PIC1 handles IRQs 0-7 and PIC2
handles IRQs 8-15. If no vector offset is set, an IRQ0, for instance,
would trigger the interrupt 0, clashing with the "Division by zero exception"
handler. Thus the IRQs must be remapped.
This patch implements the PICs initialization through their 4
Initialization Command Words (ICWs) in a very "canonical" way:
- ICW1: the initializing command;
- ICW2: the vector offset for the PIC1 and PIC2 (we add an offset of 32 positions);
- ICW3: the inter-PICs wiring setup (we connect PIC2 to PIC1's IRQ2);
- ICW4: extra systems information (we set PIC1 as Master and PIC2 as slave).
It then masks the Interrupt Mask Register, blocking all IRQs but #2 initially.
These must be unmasked on demand. The IMR is 8-bits long, so setting the n^th bit to 1
would DISABLE the IRQ n while setting it to 0 would ENABLE IRQ n.
As stated, this is an implementation of the legacy 8259 PIC. More
investigation is needed so we decide if it is enough or if we need
the (newer) APIC implementation instead.
This patch also adds the outb() helper function to helpers.h. The helpers
is a wrapper for assembly 'out' instruction.
Finally, since we now properly support hardware interrupts, this patch
also enables IRQs in platform main().
More information:
- Quark X1000 Datasheet, section 21.12, page 898.
- http://wiki.osdev.org/8259_PIC
- http://stanislavs.org/helppc/8259.html
This patch sets an interrupt handler for Double Fault exception during
CPU initialization. In case such exception is raised, we halt the system.
This way, we avoid the system to triple fault (due to an unhandled
interrupt for instance), leaving no trace about what cause the triple
fault.
This patch introduces the interrupt.h header file which provides some
helper macros to set a interrupt handler and disable/enable maskable
hardware interrupts.
Since there is no easy way to write an Interrupt Service Routines
(ISR) in C (for further information on this, see [1]), we introduce
the SET_INTERRUPT_HANDLER helper macro.
The macro does two things:
1) Defines an assembly trampolin to a C function that will, indeed,
handle the interrupt.
2) Sets the corresponding interrupt gate descriptor in IDT.
The macro usage is pretty straightforward. The macro is defined as
SET_INTERRUPT_HANDLER(num, has_error_code, handler) where:
@num: Interrupt number (0-255)
@has_error_code: 0 if processor doesn't push error code onto the
stack. Otherwise, set this argument to 1.
@handler: Pointer to function that should be called once the
interrupt is raised. In case has_error_code == 0
the function prototype should be the following:
void handler(void)
Otherwise, it should be:
void handler(struct interrupt_context context)
For instance, let's say we want to set a handler for a device interrupt
(for example, interrupt number 101). Remember, hardware interrupts don't
have error code. So we should have something like this:
void interrupt_handler(void)
{
/* Handling code here */
}
void my_device_init(void)
{
...
SET_INTERRUPT_HANDLER(101, 0, interrupt_handler);
...
}
Now, let's say we want to set an interrupt handler for Page Fault
(interrupt number 14). Some exceptions, such as Page Fault, pushes an
error code onto the stack and may require registers values in order
to be properly be handled. Thus, the code should look like this:
void pagefault_handler(struct interrupt_context context)
{
/* Handling code here */
}
void init_memory(void)
{
...
SET_INTERRUPT_HANDLER(14, 1, pagefault_handler);
...
}
For further information about exceptions and error code, refer to Intel
Combined Manual, Vol. 3, Sections 6.3 and 6.13.
Finally, we don't define any API to unregister interrupt handlers since
we believe that it wouldn't be useful at all, at least at this moment.
Considering Contiki's context, interrupt handler registration is pretty
"static" and defined at compile-time by platform code (or the device
drivers used by the platform).
[1] http://wiki.osdev.org/Interrupt_Service_Routines
This patch defines the cpu_init() function which should encapsulate
all code related to x86 CPU initialization. For now, this function
initializes GDT and IDT.
This patch adds code to handle Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT)
initialization. The IDT is initialized with null descriptors
therefore any interrupt at this point will cause a triple fault.
The IDT initialization is part of x86 CPU initialization.
Strictly speaking, there is no need to use attribute packed in struct
intr_gate_desc however we use it for readability reasons.
This patch adds the helpers.h. This file should contain only x86-related
helper functions and macros. For now, we define the BIT macro and halt()
helpers which will be used in upcoming patches.
Additionally, this patch also changes loader.S to call the halt().
This patch adds code to initialize the Global Descriptor Table. For
simplicity, the memory is organized following the flat model. Thus,
memory appears to Contiki as a single, continuous address space. Code,
data, and stack are all contained in this address space (so called
linear address space).
The macros to manipulate bits from segment descriptor and the
set_descriptor() helper are based on the ones described in [1].
[1] http://wiki.osdev.org/GDT_Tutorial
This patch implements the main() function for Galileo platform. At this
moment, only Processes subsystem is enabled. After this patch we are
able to some rudimentary debugging to ensure that process thread from
applications are being indeed executed.
Once we properly support more Contiki subsystems, such as clock, ctimer,
etimer, and rtimer, we will add them to Galileo platform's main() as well.
All we need to provide to C at this point is a region in memory dedicated to
its stack. This is done by allocating a region in .bss and pushing its start
address to esp. Since the multiboot spec says it is not safe to rely on the
initial stack provided by the bootloader, this patch provides our own stack.
Galileo boards have 512Kb of SRAM and 256Mb of DDR3 RAM, so providing 8kb as
a start seems safe. Moreover, stack sizes are very application-oriented
so it may be too early to provide a bigger (or smaller) stack.
This patch changes Galileo's buildsystem to print the elf sections
sizes after a new image is built. This way we can easily track how
these sections increase or decrease after any change.
To achieve that, we define a custom linking rule which is pretty much
the same as the default linking rule define in Makefile.include, but
we run 'size' command after the image is built.
This patch adds a README file which contains general information about
the Intel Galileo board support. The file provides information about
supported features as well as instructions on how to build, run and debug
applications for this platform.
This patch the 'debug' rule to simplify the debugging process. This new
rule runs OpenOCD and gdb with the right parameters. OpenOCD runs in
background and its output will be redirected to a log file in the
application's path called LOG_OPENOCD. Once gdb client is detached,
OpenOCD is terminated.
The 'debug' rule is defined in Makefile.customrules-galileo file (create
by this patch) which is included by the Contiki's buildsystem. So to
debug a Contiki application for Galileo board, run the following command:
$ make TARGET=galileo debug
If you use a gdb front-end, you can define the "GDB" environment variable
and your gdb front-end will be used instead of default gdb. For instance,
if you want to use cgdb front-end, just run the command:
$ make BOARD=galileo debug GDB=cgdb
This patch adds the initial support for Intel Galileo Platform. It
contains the minimum set of code required to boot a dummy Contiki
image.
For Galileo initial support, we implemented a linker script, a minimal
bootstrap code, a set of stubbed functions required by newlib, and a
very simple main() function. Moreover, we also define some header files
and macros required by Contiki.
To build applications for this platform you should first build newlib
(in case it wasn't already built). To build newlib you can run the
following command:
$ platform/galileo/bsp/libc/build_newlib.sh
Once newlib is built, you can build applications. To build applications
for Galileo platform you should set TARGET variable to 'galileo'. For
instance, building the hello-world application should look like this:
$ cd examples/hello-world/ && make TARGET=galileo
This will generate the 'hello-world.galileo' file which is a multiboot-
compliant [1] ELF image. This image can be booted by any multiboot-
complaint bootloader such as Grub.
Finally, this patch should be used as a guideline to add the initial
support for others platforms based on x86 SoCs.
[1] https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/multiboot/multiboot.html
This patch creates the platform/galileo/bsp directory. This directory
contain all files related to Galileo's Board Support Package (BSP). For
now, the BSP consists of libc and bootloader.
Within the BSP directory, we have the scripts build_newlib.sh and build_
grub.sh. These scripts provide an easy and quick way to build the newlib
and the grub for the Galileo platform.
Currently there are only one platform using CPU x86: Cooja. The
elfloader-x86.c is rather a POSIX implementation, so the Galileo port
won't use it for now. This patch fixes this by moving this source file to
be included by the platforms using it instead of the cpu's Makefile.
