# gitolite Gitolite is an access control layer on top of git, which allows access control down to the branch level, including specifying who can and cannot *rewind* a given branch. Gitolite comes with a **huge** amount of documentation. If you're absolutely new, the suggested reading order is this: * the README (this document) for a quick intro * the [INSTALL][install] document * the [ADMIN][admin] document If you run into trouble start [here](#support). If you're migrating from gitosis, read [this][migr]. And [here][who]'s some information on some of the projects and people using gitolite (and who, in turn, have helped shape its features). Once you've installed it and started using it, you'll want to explore some of the more powerful features. All the documentation is available in the source repo as well as [online][docs]. All the longer documents have tables of contents, so you can quickly get a feel for what is covered right at the top. ---- In this document: * what * why * main features * support * security * contact and license ---- ### what Gitolite lets you use a single user on a server to host many git repositories and provide access to many developers, without having to give them real userids on or shell access to the server. The essential magic in doing this is ssh's pubkey access and the `authorized_keys` file, and the inspiration was an older program called gitosis. Gitolite can restrict who can read from (clone/fetch) or write to (push) a repository. It can also restrict who can push to what branch or tag, which is very important in a corporate environment. Gitolite can be installed without requiring root permissions, and with no additional software than git itself and perl. It also has several other neat features described below and elsewhere in the [doc/][docs] directory. ### why Gitolite is separate from git, and needs to be installed and configured. So... why do we bother? Gitolite is useful in any server that is going to host multiple git repositories, each with many developers, where some sort of access control is required. In theory, this can be done with plain old Unix permissions: each user is a member of one or more groups, each group "owns" one or more repositories, and using unix permissions (especially the setgid bit -- `chmod g+s`) you can allow/disallow users access to repos. But there are several disadvantages here: * every user needs a userid and password on the server. This is usually a killer, especially in tightly controlled environments * adding/removing access rights involves complex `usermod -G ...` mumblings which most admins would rather not deal with * *viewing* (aka auditing) the current set of permissions requires running multiple commands to list directories and their permissions/ownerships, users and their group memberships, and then correlating all these manually * auditing historical permissions or permission changes is pretty much impossible without extraneous tools * errors or omissions in setting the permissions exactly can cause problems of either kind: false accepts or false rejects * without going into ACLs it is not possible to give someone read-only access to a repo; they either get read-write access or no access * it is absolutely impossible to restrict pushing by branch name or tag name. Gitolite does away with all this: * it uses ssh magic to remove the need to give actual unix userids to developers * it uses a simple but powerful config file format to specify access rights * access control changes are affected by modifying this file, adding or removing user's public keys, and "compiling" the configuration * this also makes auditing trivial -- all the data is in one place, and changes to the configuration are also logged, so you can audit them. * finally, the config file allows distinguishing between read-only and read-write access, not only at the repository level, but at the branch level within repositories. ### main features The most important feature I needed was **per-branch permissions**. This is pretty much mandatory in a corporate environment, and is almost the single reason I started *thinking* about writing gitolite. It's not just "read-only" versus "read-write". Rewinding a branch (aka "non fast forward push") is potentially dangerous, but sometimes needed. So is deleting a branch (which is really just an extreme form of rewind). I needed something in between allowing anyone to do it (the default) and disabling it completely (`receive.denyNonFastForwards` or `receive.denyDeletes`). Here're **some more features**. All of them, and more, are documented in detail somewhere in gitolite's [doc/][docs] subdirectory. * simple, yet powerful, config file syntax, including specifying gitweb/daemon access. You'll need this power if you manage lots of users+repos+combinations of access * apart from branch-name based restrictions, you can also restrict by file/dir name changed (i.e., output of `git diff --name-only`) * if your requirements are still too complex, you can split up the config file and delegate authority over parts of it * easy to specify gitweb owner, description and gitweb/daemon access * easy to sync gitweb (http) authorisation with gitolite's access config * comprehensive logging [aka: management does not think "blame" is just a synonym for "annotate" :-)] * "personal namespace" prefix for each dev * migration guide and simple converter for gitosis conf file * "exclude" (or "deny") rights at the branch/tag level * specify repos using patterns (patterns may include creator's name) * define powerful operations on the server side, even github-like forking ### support Most installation problems are caused by not knowing ssh. Take a look at this [transcript][] to see how simple it actually is, if your server's ssh daemon is behaving itself. Someone also wrote a tutorial, see [here][tut]. If I suspect your problem is an ssh issue, I will probably ignore it. Please learn how [gitolite uses ssh][doc9gas] and then methodically go through the [ssh trouble shooting][doc6sts] document. These two documents contain everything I could possibly tell you. I have nothing to add. Even for other topics, please look through at least the table of contents of at least the numbered documents to see if your question is already answered, before asking. ### security Due to the environment in which this was created and the need it fills, I consider this a "security" program, albeit a very modest one. For the first person to find a security hole in it, defined as allowing a normal user (not the gitolite admin) to read a repo, or write/rewind a ref, that the config file says he shouldn't, and caused by a bug in *code* that is in the "master" branch, (not in the other branches, or the configuration file or in Unix, perl, shell, etc.)... well I can't afford 1000 USD rewards like djb, so you'll have to settle for 5000 INR (Indian Rupees) as a "token" prize :-) However, there are a few optional features (which must be explicitly enabled in the RC file) where I just haven't had the time to reason about security thoroughly enough. Please read the comments in `conf/example.gitolite.rc` for details, looking for the word "security". ---- ### contact and license Gitolite is released under GPL v2. See COPYING for details. * author: sitaramc@gmail.com, sitaram@atc.tcs.com * mailing list: gitolite@googlegroups.com * list subscribe address : gitolite+subscribe@googlegroups.com [transcript]: http://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/blob/pu/doc/install-transcript.mkd [install]: http://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/blob/pu/doc/1-INSTALL.mkd [admin]: http://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/blob/pu/doc/2-admin.mkd [migr]: http://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/blob/pu/doc/migrate.mkd [docs]: http://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/blob/pu/doc [doc9gas]: http://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/blob/pu/doc/gitolite-and-ssh.mkd [doc6sts]: http://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/blob/pu/doc/ssh-troubleshooting.mkd [who]: http://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/blob/pu/doc/who-uses-it.mkd [tut]: http://sites.google.com/site/senawario/home/gitolite-tutorial