couchrest_model/README.md

# CouchRest Model: CouchDB, close to shiny metal with rounded edges

CouchRest Models adds additional functionality to the standard CouchRest Document class such as
setting properties, callbacks, typecasting, and validations.

Originally called ExtendedDocument, the new Model structure uses ActiveModel, part of Rails 3, 
for validations and callbacks.

If your project is still running Rails 2.3, you'll have to continue using ExtendedDocument as 
it is not possible to load ActiveModel into programs that do not use ActiveSupport 3.0.

CouchRest Model only supports CouchDB 0.10.0 or newer.

## Install

### From Gem

CouchRest Model depends on Rails 3's ActiveModel which has not yet been released. You'll need to add
`--pre` to the end of the gem install until the dependencies are stable:

    $ sudo gem install couchrest_model --pre

### Bundler

If you're using bundler, just define a line similar to the following in your project's Gemfile:

    gem 'couchrest_model'

You might also consider using the latest git repository. All tests should pass in the master code branch
but no guarantees!

    gem 'couchrest_model', :git => 'git://github.com/couchrest/couchrest_model.git'

## Generators

### Model

		$ rails generate model person --orm=couchrest_model
			   
## General Usage 

    require 'couchrest_model'

    class Cat < CouchRest::Model::Base

      property :name,      String
      property :lives,     Integer, :default => 9

      property :nicknames, [String]

      timestamps!

      view_by :name

    end

    @cat = Cat.new(:name => 'Felix', :nicknames => ['so cute', 'sweet kitty'])

    @cat.new?   # true
    @cat.save

    @cat['name']   # "Felix"

    @cat.nicknames << 'getoffdamntable'

    @cat = Cat.new
    @cat.update_attributes(:name => 'Felix', :random_text => 'feline')
    @cat.new? # false
    @cat.random_text  # Raises error!


## Properties

A property is the definition of an attribute, it describes what the attribute is called, how it should
be type casted, if at all, and other options such as the default value. These replace your typical 
`add_column` methods typically found in migrations.

By default only attributes with a property definition will be stored in CouchRest Model, as opposed
to a normal CouchRest Document which will store everything. This however can be disabled using the 
`allow_dynamic_properties` configuration option either for all of CouchRest Model, or for specific
models. See the configuration section for more details.

In its simplest form, a property
will only create a getter and setter passing all attribute data directly to the database. Assuming the attribute
provided responds to `to_json`, there will not be any problems saving it, but when loading the 
data back it will either be a string, number, array, or hash:

    class Cat < CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :name
      property :birthday
    end

    @cat = Cat.new(:name => 'Felix', :birthday => 2.years.ago)
    @cat.name        # 'Felix'
    @cat.birthday.is_a?(Time)  # True!
    @cat.save
    @cat = Cat.find(@cat.id)
    @cat.name        # 'Felix'
    @cat.birthday.is_a?(Time)  # False!

Properties create getters and setters similar to the following:

    def name
      read_attribute('name')
    end

    def name=(value)
      write_attribute('name', value)
    end

Properties can also have a type which 
will be used for casting data retrieved from CouchDB when the attribute is set:

    class Cat < CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :name, String
      property :last_fed_at, Time
    end

    @cat = Cat.new(:name => 'Felix', :last_fed_at => 10.minutes.ago)
    @cat.last_fed_at.is_a?(Time)   # True!
    @cat.save
    @cat = Cat.find(@cat.id)
    @cat.last_fed_at < 20.minutes.ago   # True!


Booleans or TrueClass will also create a getter with question mark at the end:

    class Cat < CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :awake, TrueClass, :default => true
    end

    @cat.awake?   # true

Adding the +:default+ option will ensure the attribute always has a value.

Defining a property as read-only will mean that its value is set only when read from the
database and that it will not have a setter method. You can however update a read-only
attribute using the `write_attribute` method:

    class Cat < CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :name, String
      property :lives, Integer, :default => 9, :readonly => true  

      def fall_off_balcony!
        write_attribute(:lives, lives - 1)
        save
      end
    end

    @cat = Cat.new(:name => "Felix")
    @cat.fall_off_balcony!
    @cat.lives    # Now 8!


## Property Arrays

An attribute may also contain an array of data. CouchRest Model handles this, along
with casting, by defining the class of the child attributes inside an Array:

    class Cat < CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :name, String
      property :nicknames, [String]
    end

By default, the array will be ready to use from the moment the object as been instantiated:

    @cat = Cat.new(:name => 'Fluffy')
    @cat.nicknames << 'Buffy'

    @cat.nicknames == ['Buffy']

When anything other than a string is set as the class of a property, the array will be converted
into special wrapper called a CastedArray. If the child objects respond to the `casted_by` method
(such as those created with CastedModel, below) it will contain a reference to the parent.

## Casted Models

CouchRest Model allows you to take full advantage of CouchDB's ability to store complex 
documents and retrieve them using the CastedModel module. Simply include the module in
a Hash (or other model that responds to the [] and []= methods) and set any properties
you'd like to use. For example:

    class CatToy << Hash
      include CouchRest::Model::CastedModel

      property :name, String
      property :purchased, Date
    end

    class Cat << CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :name, String
      property :toys, [CatToy]
    end

    @cat = Cat.new(:name => 'Felix', :toys => [{:name => 'mouse', :purchases => 1.month.ago}])
    @cat.toys.first.class == CatToy
    @cat.toys.first.name == 'mouse'

Additionally, any hashes sent to the property will automatically be converted:

    @cat.toys << {:name => 'catnip ball'}
    @cat.toys.last.is_a?(CatToy) # True!

Of course, to use your own classes they *must* be defined before the parent uses them otherwise 
Ruby will bring up a missing constant error. To avoid this, or if you have a really simple array of data
you'd like to model, the latest version of CouchRest Model (> 1.0.0) supports creating
anonymous classes:

    class Cat << CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :name, String

      property :toys do |toy|
        toy.property :name, String
        toy.property :rating, Integer
      end
    end

    @cat = Cat.new(:name => 'Felix', :toys => [{:name => 'mouse', :rating => 3}, {:name => 'catnip ball', :rating => 5}])
    @cat.toys.last.rating == 5
    @cat.toys.last.name == 'catnip ball'

Using this method of anonymous classes will *only* create arrays of objects.


## Assocations

Two types at the moment:

    belongs_to :person

    collection_of :tags

TODO: Document properly!



## Validations

CouchRest Model automatically includes the new ActiveModel validations, so they should work just as the traditional Rails
validations. For more details, please see the ActiveModel::Validations documentation.

CouchRest Model adds the possibility to check the uniqueness of attributes using the `validates_uniqueness_of` class method, for example:

    class Person < CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :title, String
     
      validates_uniqueness_of :title
    end

The uniqueness validation creates a new view for the attribute or uses one that already exists. You can
specify a different view using the `:view` option, useful for when the `unique_id` is specified and
you'd like to avoid the typical RestClient Conflict error:

    unique_id :code
    validates_uniqueness_of :code, :view => 'all'

Given that the uniqueness check performs a request to the database, it is also possible
to include a @:proxy@ parameter. This allows you to
call a method on the document and provide an alternate proxy object.

Examples:

    # Same as not including proxy:
    validates_uniqueness_of :title, :proxy => 'class'
    
    # Person#company.people provides a proxy object for people
    validates_uniqueness_of :title, :proxy => 'company.people'


A really interesting use of +:proxy+ and +:view+ together could be where
you'd like to ensure the ID is unique between several types of document. For example:

    class Product < CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :code

      validates_uniqueness_of :code, :view => 'by_product_code'

      view_by :product_code, :map => "
        function(doc) {
          if (doc['couchrest-type'] == 'Product' || doc['couchrest-type'] == 'Project') {
            emit(doc['code']);
          }
        }
      "
    end

    class Project < CouchRest::Model::Base
      property :code

      validates_uniqueness_of :code, :view => 'by_product_code', :proxy => 'Product'
    end

Pretty cool!


## Configuration

CouchRest Model supports a few configuration options. These can be set either for the whole Model code
base or for a specific model of your chosing. To configure globally, provide something similar to the 
following in your projects loading code:

    CouchRestModel::Model::Base.configure do |config|
      config.allow_dynamic_properties = true
      config.model_type_key = 'couchrest-type'
    end

To set for a specific model:

   class Cat < CouchRest::Model::Base
     allow_dynamic_properties true
   end

Options currently avilable are:

 * `allow_dynamic_properties` - false by default, when true properties do not need to be defined to be stored, although they will have no accessors.
 * `model_type_key` - 'model' by default, useful for migrating from an older CouchRest ExtendedDocument when the default used to be 'couchrest-type'.


## Notable Issues

CouchRest Model uses active_support for some of its internals. Ensure you have a stable active support gem installed 
or at least 3.0.0.beta4.

JSON gem versions 1.4.X are kown to cause problems with stack overflows and general badness. Version 1.2.4 appears to work fine.

## Ruby on Rails

CouchRest Model is compatible with rails and provides some ActiveRecord-like methods.

The CouchRest companion rails project 
[http://github.com/hpoydar/couchrest-rails](http://github.com/hpoydar/couchrest-rails) is great
for provided default connection details for your database. At the time of writting however it 
does not provide explicit support for CouchRest Model.

CouchRest Model and the original CouchRest ExtendedDocument do not share the same namespace, 
as such you should not have any problems using them both at the same time. This might
help with migrations.


### Rails 3.0

In your Gemfile require the gem with a simple line:

    gem "couchrest_model"


## Testing

The most complete documentation is the spec/ directory. To validate your
CouchRest install, from the project root directory run `rake`, or `autotest`
(requires RSpec and optionally ZenTest for autotest support).

## Docs

API: [http://rdoc.info/projects/couchrest/couchrest_model](http://rdoc.info/projects/couchrest/couchrest_model)

Check the wiki for documentation and examples [http://wiki.github.com/couchrest/couchrest_model](http://wiki.github.com/couchrest/couchrest_model)


## Contact

Please post bugs, suggestions and patches to the bug tracker at [http://github.com/couchrest/couchrest_model/issues](http://github.com/couchrest/couchrest_model/issues).

Follow us on Twitter: [http://twitter.com/couchrest](http://twitter.com/couchrest)

Also, check [http://twitter.com/#search?q=%23couchrest](http://twitter.com/#search?q=%23couchrest)